Resettlement resulting from the development of an infrastructure megaproject in Lima, Peru. An analysis on housing habitability and social relations
Authors
-
Guillermo Takano
Universidad de Lima
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-8676
Abstract
Metropolitan restructuring processes are often followed by issues such as involuntary resettlement. Even though it is hoped that such projects will compare with or improve preexisting living conditions, they instead intensified vulnerability. This paper is focused on the resettlement caused by the “Línea Amarilla” transport megaproject carried out in Lima, Peru, specifically around the “Patio Unión” housing complex. Both present and retrospective information were processed by using quantitative and qualitative methods in order to measure variations in housing and household conditions. These variations were related with the mechanisms and decisions that led the process. We found that affected populations chose to move to Patio Unión in order to stay close to their neighborhoods and maintain their economic subsistence networks. Nevertheless, the latter happened at the cost of losing conditions of habitability, broke apart extended families, undermining the social tissue and losing the investment and productive values of dwellings. The study concludes that the scope of resettlement and compensation mechanisms should expand in order to capture the complexity of housing as a fundamental asset.References
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Abebe, G., y Hesselberg, J. (2015). Community participation and inner-city slum renewal: relocated people’s perspectives on slum clearance and resettlement in Addis Ababa. Development in Practice, 25(4), 551–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1026878.
Adam, A., Owen, J., y Kemp, D. (2015). Households, livelihoods and mining-induced displacement and resettlement. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(3), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.05.002.
Akça, E., Fujikura, R., y Sabba?, Ç. (2012). Atatürk dam resettlement process: increased disparity resulting from insufficient financial compensation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738497.
Al Atahar, S. (2014). Development-driven forced displacement and compensation-based resettlement: experiences from the Jamuna multi-purpose bridge project. Development in Practice, 24(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.887660.
Amirthalingam K., y Lakshman R. (2009). Displaced livelihoods in Sri Lanka: An economic analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22(4), 502-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep031.
Blane, D.B. (1996). Collecting retrospective data: Development of a reliable method and a pilot study of its use. Social Science & Medicine, 42(5), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00340-1.
Cernea, M.M. (1993). The urban environment and population relocation. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (1999). Why economic analysis is essential to resettlement: A sociologist's view. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(31), 2149-2158. Recuperado de www.jstor.org/stable/4408255.
Cernea, M.M. (2000). Risks, safeguards and reconstruction: A model for population displacement and resettlement. En: M.M. Cernea y C. McDowell (Eds.), Risks and reconstruction: Experiences of resettlers and refugees (pp. 11-55). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (2003). For a new economics of resettlement: a sociological critique of the compensation principle. International Social Science Journal, 55(175), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.5501004.
Colson, E. (1971). The social consequences of resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crecimiento urbano y acceso a oportunidades: un desafío para América Latina. (2017). Bogotá: CAF.
Crisp, J., Morris, T., y Refstie, H. (2012). Displacement in urban areas: new challenges, new partnerships. Disasters, 36(S1), S23–S42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01284.x.
Dash, S. (2008). Resettlement and rehabilitation in Orissa: A study of the upper Indravati hydro-electric project Satya. Social Change, 38(4), 661-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570803800406.
Day, J. (2013). Effects of involuntary residential relocation on household satisfaction in Shanghai, China. Urban Policy and Research, 31(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2012.757736.
De Wet, C.J. (2006). Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Devitt, P., y Hitchcock. R. (2010). Who drives resettlement? The case of Lesotho’s Mohale Dam. African Study Monographs, 31(2), 57-106.
Driant, J.C., y Riofrío, G. (1987). ¿Qué vivienda han construido? Nuevos problemas en viejas barriadas. Lima: IFEA.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2007). Censos nacionales 2007: XI de población y VI de vivienda. Lima: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2014). Una mirada a Lima metropolitana. Lima: Autor.
Jiang, Y., Waley, P.T., y Gonzalez, S. (2018). 'Nice apartments, no jobs’: How former villagers experienced displacement and resettlement in the western suburbs of Shanghai. Urban Studies, 55(14), 3202 - 3217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740246.
Koenig, D. (2002). Toward local development and mitigating impoverishment in development-induced displacement and resettlement. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Li, S., y Song, S. (2009). Redevelopment, displacement, housing conditions, and residential satisfaction: a study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(5), 1090-1108. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4168.
Maxwell, J. (2016). Expanding the history and range of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815571132.
Mejía, M.C. (1999). Economic dimensions of urban resettlement: Experiences from Latin America. En M. M. Cernea (Ed.), The economics of involuntary resettlement: Questions and challenges (pp. 147-188). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Mejía-Escalante, M. (2012). Habitabilidad en la vivienda social en edificios para población reasentada. El caso de Medellín, Colombia. EURE, 38(114), 203-227. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612012000200008.
Moser, C. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10015-8.
Necochea, A. (1987). Los allegados: una estrategia de supervivencia solidaria en vivienda. EURE, 13(39-40), 85-99. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1005.
Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Displacement, resistance and the critique of development: from the grassroots to the global. En: C. J. De Wet (Ed.) Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Programa de reubicación de viviendas. (2017). Recuperado de http://www.lamsac.com.pe/sostenibilidad/programa-de-reubicacion-de-viviendas/casos-de-exito-de-reubicacion.
Rakodi, C. (1999). A capital assets framework for analysing household livelihood strategies: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00090.
Rakodi, C., y Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002). Urban livelihoods: A people-centred approach to reducing poverty. Londres: Earthscan.
Ramírez-Corzo, D., y Riofrío, G. (2006). Formalización de la propiedad y mejoramiento de barrios: bien legal, bien marginal. Lima: DESCO.
Riofrío, G. (2004). Pobreza y desarrollo urbano en el Perú. En: Las ciudades en el Perú (pp. 71-112). Lima: DESCO.
Robinson, C. (2003). Risks and rights: The causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Roquet, V., Bornholdt, L., Sirker, K., y Lukic, J. (2017). Urban land acquisition and involuntary resettlement linking innovation and local benefits. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Santiago, S. (1977). Staying where the action is: Relocation within the city. Philippine Sociological Review, 25(1/2), 45-49. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43596350.
Sepúlveda, O. (1986). El espacio en la vivienda social y calidad de vida. Revista INVI, 1(2), 10-34. Recuperado de http://www.revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/78.
Siegel, P.B. (2005). Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America: A conceptual framework. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Strauch, L., Takano, G., y Hordijk, M. (2015). Mixed-use spaces and mixed social responses: Popular resistance to a megaproject in central Lima, Peru. Habitat International, 45(3), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.02.005.
Takano, G. (2017). Public-private partnerships as rent-seeking opportunities: A case study on an unsolicited proposal in Lima, Peru. Utilities Policy, 48, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.08.005.
Terminski, B. (2013). Development-induced displacement and resettlement: Social problem and human rights issue. Ginebra: University of Geneva.
Torrado, S. (1982). El enfoque de las estrategias familiares de vida en América Latina. Orientaciones teórico-metodológicas. En Familia y diferenciación social. Cuestiones de método. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.
Vaughan, M. (1983). Which family?: Problems in the reconstruction of the history of the family as an economic and cultural unit. The Journal of African History, 24(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700021988.
Walsh Perú S.A. (2011). Estudio de impacto ambiental – vía expresa línea amarilla. Lima: Walsh Perú S.A.
Wilmsen, B., y Van Hulten, A. (2017). Following resettled people over time: the value of longitudinal data collection for understanding the livelihood impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 35(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1271542.
Wheelock, J., y Oughton, E. (1996). The household as a focus for research. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(1), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1996.11505770.
Abebe, G., y Hesselberg, J. (2015). Community participation and inner-city slum renewal: relocated people’s perspectives on slum clearance and resettlement in Addis Ababa. Development in Practice, 25(4), 551–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1026878.
Adam, A., Owen, J., y Kemp, D. (2015). Households, livelihoods and mining-induced displacement and resettlement. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(3), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.05.002.
Akça, E., Fujikura, R., y Sabba?, Ç. (2012). Atatürk dam resettlement process: increased disparity resulting from insufficient financial compensation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738497.
Al Atahar, S. (2014). Development-driven forced displacement and compensation-based resettlement: experiences from the Jamuna multi-purpose bridge project. Development in Practice, 24(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.887660.
Amirthalingam K., y Lakshman R. (2009). Displaced livelihoods in Sri Lanka: An economic analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22(4), 502-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep031.
Blane, D.B. (1996). Collecting retrospective data: Development of a reliable method and a pilot study of its use. Social Science & Medicine, 42(5), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00340-1.
Cernea, M.M. (1993). The urban environment and population relocation. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (1999). Why economic analysis is essential to resettlement: A sociologist's view. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(31), 2149-2158. Recuperado de www.jstor.org/stable/4408255.
Cernea, M.M. (2000). Risks, safeguards and reconstruction: A model for population displacement and resettlement. En: M.M. Cernea y C. McDowell (Eds.), Risks and reconstruction: Experiences of resettlers and refugees (pp. 11-55). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (2003). For a new economics of resettlement: a sociological critique of the compensation principle. International Social Science Journal, 55(175), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.5501004.
Colson, E. (1971). The social consequences of resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crecimiento urbano y acceso a oportunidades: un desafío para América Latina. (2017). Bogotá: CAF.
Crisp, J., Morris, T., y Refstie, H. (2012). Displacement in urban areas: new challenges, new partnerships. Disasters, 36(S1), S23–S42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01284.x.
Dash, S. (2008). Resettlement and rehabilitation in Orissa: A study of the upper Indravati hydro-electric project Satya. Social Change, 38(4), 661-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570803800406.
Day, J. (2013). Effects of involuntary residential relocation on household satisfaction in Shanghai, China. Urban Policy and Research, 31(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2012.757736.
De Wet, C.J. (2006). Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Devitt, P., y Hitchcock. R. (2010). Who drives resettlement? The case of Lesotho’s Mohale Dam. African Study Monographs, 31(2), 57-106.
Driant, J.C., y Riofrío, G. (1987). ¿Qué vivienda han construido? Nuevos problemas en viejas barriadas. Lima: IFEA.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2007). Censos nacionales 2007: XI de población y VI de vivienda. Lima: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2014). Una mirada a Lima metropolitana. Lima: Autor.
Jiang, Y., Waley, P.T., y Gonzalez, S. (2018). 'Nice apartments, no jobs’: How former villagers experienced displacement and resettlement in the western suburbs of Shanghai. Urban Studies, 55(14), 3202 - 3217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740246.
Koenig, D. (2002). Toward local development and mitigating impoverishment in development-induced displacement and resettlement. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Li, S., y Song, S. (2009). Redevelopment, displacement, housing conditions, and residential satisfaction: a study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(5), 1090-1108. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4168.
Maxwell, J. (2016). Expanding the history and range of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815571132.
Mejía, M.C. (1999). Economic dimensions of urban resettlement: Experiences from Latin America. En M. M. Cernea (Ed.), The economics of involuntary resettlement: Questions and challenges (pp. 147-188). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Mejía-Escalante, M. (2012). Habitabilidad en la vivienda social en edificios para población reasentada. El caso de Medellín, Colombia. EURE, 38(114), 203-227. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612012000200008.
Moser, C. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10015-8.
Necochea, A. (1987). Los allegados: una estrategia de supervivencia solidaria en vivienda. EURE, 13(39-40), 85-99. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1005.
Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Displacement, resistance and the critique of development: from the grassroots to the global. En: C. J. De Wet (Ed.) Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Programa de reubicación de viviendas. (2017). Recuperado de http://www.lamsac.com.pe/sostenibilidad/programa-de-reubicacion-de-viviendas/casos-de-exito-de-reubicacion.
Rakodi, C. (1999). A capital assets framework for analysing household livelihood strategies: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00090.
Rakodi, C., y Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002). Urban livelihoods: A people-centred approach to reducing poverty. Londres: Earthscan.
Ramírez-Corzo, D., y Riofrío, G. (2006). Formalización de la propiedad y mejoramiento de barrios: bien legal, bien marginal. Lima: DESCO.
Riofrío, G. (2004). Pobreza y desarrollo urbano en el Perú. En: Las ciudades en el Perú (pp. 71-112). Lima: DESCO.
Robinson, C. (2003). Risks and rights: The causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Roquet, V., Bornholdt, L., Sirker, K., y Lukic, J. (2017). Urban land acquisition and involuntary resettlement linking innovation and local benefits. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Santiago, S. (1977). Staying where the action is: Relocation within the city. Philippine Sociological Review, 25(1/2), 45-49. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43596350.
Sepúlveda, O. (1986). El espacio en la vivienda social y calidad de vida. Revista INVI, 1(2), 10-34. Recuperado de http://www.revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/78.
Siegel, P.B. (2005). Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America: A conceptual framework. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Strauch, L., Takano, G., y Hordijk, M. (2015). Mixed-use spaces and mixed social responses: Popular resistance to a megaproject in central Lima, Peru. Habitat International, 45(3), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.02.005.
Takano, G. (2017). Public-private partnerships as rent-seeking opportunities: A case study on an unsolicited proposal in Lima, Peru. Utilities Policy, 48, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.08.005.
Terminski, B. (2013). Development-induced displacement and resettlement: Social problem and human rights issue. Ginebra: University of Geneva.
Torrado, S. (1982). El enfoque de las estrategias familiares de vida en América Latina. Orientaciones teórico-metodológicas. En Familia y diferenciación social. Cuestiones de método. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.
Vaughan, M. (1983). Which family?: Problems in the reconstruction of the history of the family as an economic and cultural unit. The Journal of African History, 24(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700021988.
Walsh Perú S.A. (2011). Estudio de impacto ambiental – vía expresa línea amarilla. Lima: Walsh Perú S.A.
Wilmsen, B., y Van Hulten, A. (2017). Following resettled people over time: the value of longitudinal data collection for understanding the livelihood impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 35(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1271542.
Wheelock, J., y Oughton, E. (1996). The household as a focus for research. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(1), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1996.11505770.
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