Reasentamiento por un megaproyecto de infraestructura en Lima-Perú. Un análisis desde la habitabilidad y las relaciones sociales
Autores/as
-
Guillermo Takano
Universidad de Lima
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3186-8676
Resumen
Las dinámicas de reestructuración metropolitana vienen acompañadas de procesos tales como el reasentamiento involuntario de la población, que, si bien se espera se den a cambio de equiparar o mejorar condiciones de vida preexistentes, han tendido a intensificar situaciones de vulnerabilidad. El artículo se enfoca en el reasentamiento generado por el megaproyecto de transporte “Línea Amarilla”, localizado en Lima, Perú. Utilizando métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos se procesó información actual y retrospectiva sobre el reasentamiento en el complejo de vivienda “Patio Unión”, con el objetivo de medir las variaciones en las condiciones de las viviendas y los hogares afectados, relacionándolas con los mecanismos empleados y las decisiones tomadas. Se muestra que ante un esquema de compensación percibido como injusto, los afectados optaron por trasladarse a Patio Unión para permanecer cerca de sus barrios y no perder sus redes de subsistencia económica. Sin embargo, ello se dio a cambio de la pérdida de habitabilidad, el desmembramiento de las familias extendidas, el desgaste del tejido social y la pérdida de la vivienda como medio de producción e inversión. El estudio concluye que el alcance de los mecanismos de reasentamiento y compensación debe expandirse, de modo que se capture la complejidad de la vivienda como un activo familiar fundamental.Referencias
Abebe, G., y Hesselberg, J. (2013). Implications of urban development-induced resettlement on poor households in addis ababa. Ghana Journal of Geography, 5, 32-50.
Abebe, G., y Hesselberg, J. (2015). Community participation and inner-city slum renewal: relocated people’s perspectives on slum clearance and resettlement in Addis Ababa. Development in Practice, 25(4), 551–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1026878.
Adam, A., Owen, J., y Kemp, D. (2015). Households, livelihoods and mining-induced displacement and resettlement. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(3), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.05.002.
Akça, E., Fujikura, R., y Sabba?, Ç. (2012). Atatürk dam resettlement process: increased disparity resulting from insufficient financial compensation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738497.
Al Atahar, S. (2014). Development-driven forced displacement and compensation-based resettlement: experiences from the Jamuna multi-purpose bridge project. Development in Practice, 24(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.887660.
Amirthalingam K., y Lakshman R. (2009). Displaced livelihoods in Sri Lanka: An economic analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22(4), 502-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep031.
Blane, D.B. (1996). Collecting retrospective data: Development of a reliable method and a pilot study of its use. Social Science & Medicine, 42(5), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00340-1.
Cernea, M.M. (1993). The urban environment and population relocation. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (1999). Why economic analysis is essential to resettlement: A sociologist's view. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(31), 2149-2158. Recuperado de www.jstor.org/stable/4408255.
Cernea, M.M. (2000). Risks, safeguards and reconstruction: A model for population displacement and resettlement. En: M.M. Cernea y C. McDowell (Eds.), Risks and reconstruction: Experiences of resettlers and refugees (pp. 11-55). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (2003). For a new economics of resettlement: a sociological critique of the compensation principle. International Social Science Journal, 55(175), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.5501004.
Colson, E. (1971). The social consequences of resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crecimiento urbano y acceso a oportunidades: un desafío para América Latina. (2017). Bogotá: CAF.
Crisp, J., Morris, T., y Refstie, H. (2012). Displacement in urban areas: new challenges, new partnerships. Disasters, 36(S1), S23–S42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01284.x.
Dash, S. (2008). Resettlement and rehabilitation in Orissa: A study of the upper Indravati hydro-electric project Satya. Social Change, 38(4), 661-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570803800406.
Day, J. (2013). Effects of involuntary residential relocation on household satisfaction in Shanghai, China. Urban Policy and Research, 31(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2012.757736.
De Wet, C.J. (2006). Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Devitt, P., y Hitchcock. R. (2010). Who drives resettlement? The case of Lesotho’s Mohale Dam. African Study Monographs, 31(2), 57-106.
Driant, J.C., y Riofrío, G. (1987). ¿Qué vivienda han construido? Nuevos problemas en viejas barriadas. Lima: IFEA.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2007). Censos nacionales 2007: XI de población y VI de vivienda. Lima: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2014). Una mirada a Lima metropolitana. Lima: Autor.
Jiang, Y., Waley, P.T., y Gonzalez, S. (2018). 'Nice apartments, no jobs’: How former villagers experienced displacement and resettlement in the western suburbs of Shanghai. Urban Studies, 55(14), 3202 - 3217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740246.
Koenig, D. (2002). Toward local development and mitigating impoverishment in development-induced displacement and resettlement. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Li, S., y Song, S. (2009). Redevelopment, displacement, housing conditions, and residential satisfaction: a study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(5), 1090-1108. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4168.
Maxwell, J. (2016). Expanding the history and range of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815571132.
Mejía, M.C. (1999). Economic dimensions of urban resettlement: Experiences from Latin America. En M. M. Cernea (Ed.), The economics of involuntary resettlement: Questions and challenges (pp. 147-188). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Mejía-Escalante, M. (2012). Habitabilidad en la vivienda social en edificios para población reasentada. El caso de Medellín, Colombia. EURE, 38(114), 203-227. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612012000200008.
Moser, C. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10015-8.
Necochea, A. (1987). Los allegados: una estrategia de supervivencia solidaria en vivienda. EURE, 13(39-40), 85-99. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1005.
Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Displacement, resistance and the critique of development: from the grassroots to the global. En: C. J. De Wet (Ed.) Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Programa de reubicación de viviendas. (2017). Recuperado de http://www.lamsac.com.pe/sostenibilidad/programa-de-reubicacion-de-viviendas/casos-de-exito-de-reubicacion.
Rakodi, C. (1999). A capital assets framework for analysing household livelihood strategies: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00090.
Rakodi, C., y Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002). Urban livelihoods: A people-centred approach to reducing poverty. Londres: Earthscan.
Ramírez-Corzo, D., y Riofrío, G. (2006). Formalización de la propiedad y mejoramiento de barrios: bien legal, bien marginal. Lima: DESCO.
Riofrío, G. (2004). Pobreza y desarrollo urbano en el Perú. En: Las ciudades en el Perú (pp. 71-112). Lima: DESCO.
Robinson, C. (2003). Risks and rights: The causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Roquet, V., Bornholdt, L., Sirker, K., y Lukic, J. (2017). Urban land acquisition and involuntary resettlement linking innovation and local benefits. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Santiago, S. (1977). Staying where the action is: Relocation within the city. Philippine Sociological Review, 25(1/2), 45-49. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43596350.
Sepúlveda, O. (1986). El espacio en la vivienda social y calidad de vida. Revista INVI, 1(2), 10-34. Recuperado de http://www.revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/78.
Siegel, P.B. (2005). Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America: A conceptual framework. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Strauch, L., Takano, G., y Hordijk, M. (2015). Mixed-use spaces and mixed social responses: Popular resistance to a megaproject in central Lima, Peru. Habitat International, 45(3), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.02.005.
Takano, G. (2017). Public-private partnerships as rent-seeking opportunities: A case study on an unsolicited proposal in Lima, Peru. Utilities Policy, 48, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.08.005.
Terminski, B. (2013). Development-induced displacement and resettlement: Social problem and human rights issue. Ginebra: University of Geneva.
Torrado, S. (1982). El enfoque de las estrategias familiares de vida en América Latina. Orientaciones teórico-metodológicas. En Familia y diferenciación social. Cuestiones de método. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.
Vaughan, M. (1983). Which family?: Problems in the reconstruction of the history of the family as an economic and cultural unit. The Journal of African History, 24(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700021988.
Walsh Perú S.A. (2011). Estudio de impacto ambiental – vía expresa línea amarilla. Lima: Walsh Perú S.A.
Wilmsen, B., y Van Hulten, A. (2017). Following resettled people over time: the value of longitudinal data collection for understanding the livelihood impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 35(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1271542.
Wheelock, J., y Oughton, E. (1996). The household as a focus for research. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(1), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1996.11505770.
Abebe, G., y Hesselberg, J. (2015). Community participation and inner-city slum renewal: relocated people’s perspectives on slum clearance and resettlement in Addis Ababa. Development in Practice, 25(4), 551–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1026878.
Adam, A., Owen, J., y Kemp, D. (2015). Households, livelihoods and mining-induced displacement and resettlement. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(3), 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.05.002.
Akça, E., Fujikura, R., y Sabba?, Ç. (2012). Atatürk dam resettlement process: increased disparity resulting from insufficient financial compensation. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.738497.
Al Atahar, S. (2014). Development-driven forced displacement and compensation-based resettlement: experiences from the Jamuna multi-purpose bridge project. Development in Practice, 24(2), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.887660.
Amirthalingam K., y Lakshman R. (2009). Displaced livelihoods in Sri Lanka: An economic analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22(4), 502-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep031.
Blane, D.B. (1996). Collecting retrospective data: Development of a reliable method and a pilot study of its use. Social Science & Medicine, 42(5), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00340-1.
Cernea, M.M. (1993). The urban environment and population relocation. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (1999). Why economic analysis is essential to resettlement: A sociologist's view. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(31), 2149-2158. Recuperado de www.jstor.org/stable/4408255.
Cernea, M.M. (2000). Risks, safeguards and reconstruction: A model for population displacement and resettlement. En: M.M. Cernea y C. McDowell (Eds.), Risks and reconstruction: Experiences of resettlers and refugees (pp. 11-55). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Cernea, M.M. (2003). For a new economics of resettlement: a sociological critique of the compensation principle. International Social Science Journal, 55(175), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.5501004.
Colson, E. (1971). The social consequences of resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crecimiento urbano y acceso a oportunidades: un desafío para América Latina. (2017). Bogotá: CAF.
Crisp, J., Morris, T., y Refstie, H. (2012). Displacement in urban areas: new challenges, new partnerships. Disasters, 36(S1), S23–S42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01284.x.
Dash, S. (2008). Resettlement and rehabilitation in Orissa: A study of the upper Indravati hydro-electric project Satya. Social Change, 38(4), 661-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570803800406.
Day, J. (2013). Effects of involuntary residential relocation on household satisfaction in Shanghai, China. Urban Policy and Research, 31(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2012.757736.
De Wet, C.J. (2006). Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Devitt, P., y Hitchcock. R. (2010). Who drives resettlement? The case of Lesotho’s Mohale Dam. African Study Monographs, 31(2), 57-106.
Driant, J.C., y Riofrío, G. (1987). ¿Qué vivienda han construido? Nuevos problemas en viejas barriadas. Lima: IFEA.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2007). Censos nacionales 2007: XI de población y VI de vivienda. Lima: Autor.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2014). Una mirada a Lima metropolitana. Lima: Autor.
Jiang, Y., Waley, P.T., y Gonzalez, S. (2018). 'Nice apartments, no jobs’: How former villagers experienced displacement and resettlement in the western suburbs of Shanghai. Urban Studies, 55(14), 3202 - 3217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017740246.
Koenig, D. (2002). Toward local development and mitigating impoverishment in development-induced displacement and resettlement. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Li, S., y Song, S. (2009). Redevelopment, displacement, housing conditions, and residential satisfaction: a study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(5), 1090-1108. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4168.
Maxwell, J. (2016). Expanding the history and range of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815571132.
Mejía, M.C. (1999). Economic dimensions of urban resettlement: Experiences from Latin America. En M. M. Cernea (Ed.), The economics of involuntary resettlement: Questions and challenges (pp. 147-188). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Mejía-Escalante, M. (2012). Habitabilidad en la vivienda social en edificios para población reasentada. El caso de Medellín, Colombia. EURE, 38(114), 203-227. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612012000200008.
Moser, C. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10015-8.
Necochea, A. (1987). Los allegados: una estrategia de supervivencia solidaria en vivienda. EURE, 13(39-40), 85-99. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1005.
Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Displacement, resistance and the critique of development: from the grassroots to the global. En: C. J. De Wet (Ed.) Development-induced displacement: Problems, policies, and people. Oxford: Berghahn.
Programa de reubicación de viviendas. (2017). Recuperado de http://www.lamsac.com.pe/sostenibilidad/programa-de-reubicacion-de-viviendas/casos-de-exito-de-reubicacion.
Rakodi, C. (1999). A capital assets framework for analysing household livelihood strategies: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00090.
Rakodi, C., y Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002). Urban livelihoods: A people-centred approach to reducing poverty. Londres: Earthscan.
Ramírez-Corzo, D., y Riofrío, G. (2006). Formalización de la propiedad y mejoramiento de barrios: bien legal, bien marginal. Lima: DESCO.
Riofrío, G. (2004). Pobreza y desarrollo urbano en el Perú. En: Las ciudades en el Perú (pp. 71-112). Lima: DESCO.
Robinson, C. (2003). Risks and rights: The causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Roquet, V., Bornholdt, L., Sirker, K., y Lukic, J. (2017). Urban land acquisition and involuntary resettlement linking innovation and local benefits. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Santiago, S. (1977). Staying where the action is: Relocation within the city. Philippine Sociological Review, 25(1/2), 45-49. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43596350.
Sepúlveda, O. (1986). El espacio en la vivienda social y calidad de vida. Revista INVI, 1(2), 10-34. Recuperado de http://www.revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/78.
Siegel, P.B. (2005). Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America: A conceptual framework. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Strauch, L., Takano, G., y Hordijk, M. (2015). Mixed-use spaces and mixed social responses: Popular resistance to a megaproject in central Lima, Peru. Habitat International, 45(3), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.02.005.
Takano, G. (2017). Public-private partnerships as rent-seeking opportunities: A case study on an unsolicited proposal in Lima, Peru. Utilities Policy, 48, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.08.005.
Terminski, B. (2013). Development-induced displacement and resettlement: Social problem and human rights issue. Ginebra: University of Geneva.
Torrado, S. (1982). El enfoque de las estrategias familiares de vida en América Latina. Orientaciones teórico-metodológicas. En Familia y diferenciación social. Cuestiones de método. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.
Vaughan, M. (1983). Which family?: Problems in the reconstruction of the history of the family as an economic and cultural unit. The Journal of African History, 24(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700021988.
Walsh Perú S.A. (2011). Estudio de impacto ambiental – vía expresa línea amarilla. Lima: Walsh Perú S.A.
Wilmsen, B., y Van Hulten, A. (2017). Following resettled people over time: the value of longitudinal data collection for understanding the livelihood impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 35(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1271542.
Wheelock, J., y Oughton, E. (1996). The household as a focus for research. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(1), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1996.11505770.
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